S14: Red Scare

• On December 15, President Truman supported the GMD without military intervention and sent General George Marshall to mediate.
• A peaceful solution needed cooperation and power-sharing, but neither side agreed.
• The CCP gained political influence during and after the war, refusing to give up military control for a role in the GMD government. They wanted democratization first.
• Jiang and the GMD, confident in their military strength, refused to compromise, believing concessions would weaken their rule and demanded the CCP submit its military.
• Neither the GMD nor the CCP was willing to make major concessions.

• China was moving toward civil war in 1945-46 amid escalating U.S.-Soviet conflicts.
• CCP strategies were
• As U.S.-Soviet tensions grew, Moscow provided more support to the CCP in the Northeast, which enabled the CCP to confront the GMD nationwide.
• Meanwhile, the Cold War forced U.S. policymakers to back Jiang in the civil war.
• The CCP-GMD conflict was influenced by changes in Soviet and American policies toward East Asia and heralded emerging Cold War in East Asia.

• 1900: Born in Washington to David Lattimore, Dartmouth history professor
• Childhood in China, schooling in England and Switzerland
• Work for British import/export firm in warlord territories in North China
• 1920s-1930s: Decade of study through Mongolia and Inner Asia
• 1931: Editor of Pacific Affairs for the Institute of Pacific Relations
• 1938: Lectureship at Johns Hopkins
• 1941: Personal advisor to Chiang Kai-shek

From the biological standpoint we are quite certain that the inherent mental and physical differences between one race and another are largely due to three chief causes: first, sudden mutations … second, racial mixture, and third, natural selection … . Inheritance, physical environment, and social environment … select certain kinds of character for preservation or destruction and cause certain mental characteristics to become a permanent part of the racial inheritance. (6–7)

The Character of Races (1924), Samuel Huntington

There seems to be no conclusion but that the West has exhausted its powers of creativeness, and left behind the period when party meant more than the leader and the nation meant more than the party.… It cannot be said of British or American politics of the present day that a Harding, a Coolidge, a Hoover, or a Lloyd George, a Baldwin, a Macdo- nald, are ‘men of destiny’ … . Russian appears to be the only nation of the modern world that is ‘young’ enough to have ‘men of destiny.’ It creates its Lenin and its Stalin, and they follow each other with the certainty of fate. Russia, more than China and more than any nation of the West, is launched on a career of growth, and grow it will, irrespective of the leader. (Lattimore 1932, 293–94)

Owen Lattimore. 1932. Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict. New York: Macmillan.

• March 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy accused Lattimore of being “the top Soviet espionage agent in the United States”
• July 1950: A Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee exonerated Mr. Lattimore in a report.
• 1952: Federal grand jury indicted Mr. Lattimore on seven counts of perjury in connection with his testimony before the Senate Internal Security subcommittee investigating the Institute of Pacific Relations.

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Sixth Amendment

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

The History of the American Republic is replete with instances of attempts to compel unwavering adherence to dogma – the status quo – whether it be economic, political, social, or religious. Frquently, this defensive and retrenching approach to the problems of our democracy has been accompanied by widespread mass hysteria. On occasion, public excitation has itensified to the point where historians have identified this social phenomenon as a “witch-hunt”.

Robert Landry: A Study of “Witch Hunting” and Mass Hysteria in America